Child criminal exploitation

Child criminal exploitation (CCE) occurs when a child or young person is pressured, coerced, or manipulated into committing criminal offences. This often involves gangs using children to move drugs, money, or carry out other illegal activities.

A common method is 'cuckooing', where gangs take over the homes of vulnerable adults by force or intimidation, using them as bases for criminal operations. Young people are then used to sell drugs, transport money, or engage in other forms of criminal activity.

CCE is a serious issue that can have devastating effects on young people and their families. Recognising the warning signs and taking action early can help protect vulnerable children from harm.

How CCE affects young people

Like other forms of exploitation, CCE:

  • can affect any child (male or female) under the age of 18
  • can also impact vulnerable adults over the age of 18
  • still qualifies as exploitation even if the activity appears consensual
  • often involves violence, threats, intimidation, or enticement-based methods
  • can be perpetrated by individuals or groups, of any age or gender
  • relies on a power imbalance, which may be due to age, gender, cognitive ability, physical strength, status, or access to resources

Signs to look out for

The following indicators may suggest a child is being exploited, with those at the top being particularly concerning:

  • regularly going missing from home or school and being found in unfamiliar areas
  • unexplained money, clothing, or mobile phones
  • frequent, excessive calls or messages, often from unknown numbers
  • relationships with controlling or older individuals or groups
  • leaving home or care unexpectedly, sometimes without explanation
  • unexplained injuries or signs of physical assault
  • carrying weapons
  • sudden decline in school performance, including poor grades or truancy
  • gang involvement or isolation from friends and family
  • self-harm, depression, anxiety, or significant changes in emotional well-being

What to do if you suspect CCE

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